PAE Professional Academic EnglishChapters 11 & 12
Citing & referencing · Chapters 11–12

APA & IEEE.
Two house styles.

The principles are shared; the punctuation is not. Get the punctuation right and your reader trusts everything else.

Matthew Clement · Careercomms.comWorkbook pages 49 to 55
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 11–12 · Why this matters

Your discipline picks the style, not you.

APA 7

Author–date. HASS, education, and business. The reader sees who and when at the citation.

IEEE

Numbered. Engineering and computer science. Keeps technical prose uncluttered.

MLA

Author–page. Literature and languages. A Works Cited list at the end.

Pick one, be perfect

Consistency is the whole game. Inconsistent punctuation reads as carelessness, and quietly costs marks across the bibliography.

Part one · HASS BIZ

APA, seventh
edition.

An author–date system. Once you have the pattern, the rest is decoration, two in-text shapes, and one well-formatted list.

Workbook · Chapter 11Pages 49 to 51
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 11.1 · Two in-text shapes

Parenthetical, or narrative.

Vary them. A page of pure parenthetical citations reads as a brick wall; narrative citations put the author into your sentence.

AuthorsParentheticalNarrative
One…is now standard (Park, 2024).Park (2024) argues that…
Two…was observed (Choi & Lee, 2023).Choi and Lee (2023) observed…
Three or more…is confirmed (Kim et al., 2025).Kim et al. (2025) confirmed…
Direct quotation“…the real driver” (Park, 2024, p. 14).Park (2024) calls it “the real driver” (p. 14).
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 11.2 · The references list

Three types you'll use most.

Journal article
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, vol(issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
Taylor, R., & Lee, K. (2019). Advances in neural networks. Neural Computing, 15(3), 45–67.
Book
Author, A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Smith, J. (2020). Understanding psychology. Academic Press.
Dataset / statistics portal
Organisation. (Year). Title [Data set]. Portal. URL
Statistics Korea. (2024). Population trends: 2024 [Data set]. KOSIS.
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 11.3 · Formatting the list

Five rules, five mistakes.

The rules
  • Alphabetical by first author's surname
  • Hanging indent on every entry
  • Sentence case for titles; italics for books & journals
  • DOI if it has one; URL otherwise
The five that cost marks
  • An in-text cite with no list entry
  • A list entry never cited in-text
  • Inconsistent punctuation between entries
  • Missing DOI or URL online
  • Italics on article titles, not book titles
Talk about it · 5 minutes

Which of your sources is hardest to format, and why that one?

  • →  A dataset, a webpage with no date, a government report?
  • →  Does it need a retrieval date, or a fixed one?
  • →  Which style does your discipline actually require?
Part two · STEM

IEEE, for
technical writing.

Numerical, not author–date. The body reads cleaner; the references list does the heavy lifting at the end.

Workbook · Chapter 12Pages 53 to 55
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 12.1–12.2 · The mechanics

Number it, then reuse the number.

  • Sources numbered [1], [2], [3] in order of first appearance
  • Reuse a source's number on every later citation
  • List is in numerical order, not alphabetical
  • The bracket sits before the full stop: “…systems [1].”
Non-integral · default

“Machine learning improves real-time performance [1].”

Integral · authors matter

“Park and Lee in [1] showed that…”

IEEE favours the non-integral form, the focus belongs on the finding, not the finder.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 12.3 · The references list

Initials first. Year last.

Journal article
[n] A. Author and B. Author, “Title of the article,” Journal Name, vol. X, no. Y, pp. Z, Month Year.
[1] R. Taylor and K. Lee, “Advances in neural networks,” Neural Computing, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 45–67, Aug. 2019.
Conference paper
[n] A. Author, “Title,” in Proc. Conf. Name, City, Country, Year, pp. Z.
[2] L. Brown, “Deep learning applications,” in Proc. AI Innovations Conf., Seoul, South Korea, 2022, pp. 45–56.
Website
[n] Author, “Title,” Site. [Online]. Available: URL. [Accessed: Date].
[3] Bank of Korea, “Base rate decision,” BOK. [Online]. Available: https://bok.or.kr. [Accessed: Jan. 7, 2025].
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 12.5 · One source, both styles

Same facts. Different wrapper.

APAIEEE
Park, J., & Lee, H. (2024). Solid-state electrolytes: A review. Journal of Power Sources, 588, 233742.[1] J. Park and H. Lee, “Solid-state electrolytes: A review,” J. Power Sources, vol. 588, Art. no. 233742, 2024.
Smith, J. (2020). Understanding psychology (2nd ed.). Academic Press.[2] J. Smith, Understanding Psychology, 2nd ed. New York, USA: Academic Press, 2020.
Talk it out
  • Reading across, what are the three things that always change between APA and IEEE?
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 12.4 · Side by side

The differences that matter.

AspectAPAIEEE
In-textAuthor–date: (Smith, 2020)Numerical: [1]
OrderAlphabetical by first authorBy order of first appearance
IndentHanging indentNo hanging indent
Repeat citeSame author–date pairSame number reused
Author nameSurname, then initialsInitials, then surname
PAE Professional Academic EnglishCh 11.4 · The MLA alternative

Writing about literature? Use MLA.

Same author-led logic; three things change, in-text is author–page, the list is titled Works Cited, and the year moves to the end.

ElementAPA 7MLA 9
In-text(Smith, 2020, p. 25)(Smith 25)
List titleReferencesWorks Cited
Journal entryTaylor, R., & Lee, K. (2019). Advances in neural networks. Neural Computing, 15(3), 45–67.Taylor, Rachel, and Kyung Lee. “Advances in Neural Networks.” Neural Computing, vol. 15, no. 3, 2019, pp. 45–67.

If the professor doesn't specify: APA for business & social science, MLA for literature, IEEE for engineering.

Part three

Now you
try it.

Format raw source details into your discipline's style, getting the italics, punctuation, and order exactly right.

Workbook · Chapters 11 & 12Pages 51 & 55 · Exercises 11.1, 12
PAE Professional Academic EnglishIn class · Exercise
EX. 11.1

Format these, in your style

Format · 12 min

Write each entry in APA 7 (HASS/Business) or IEEE (STEM). Mind the italics, punctuation, and order.

  1. Journal article: “Exploring Quantum Computing,” J. Doe & R. Roe, Quantum Journal 5(2), 101–110, March 2024.
  2. Book: The Future of Technology, A. Author, TechPress, 2022.
  3. Chapter: “Korean Cinema Goes Global,” D. Kim, in Hallyu 4.0 (ed. S. Park), 22–48, Hanyang Press, 2023.
Pair check

Swap lists. Hunt only for the five mark-costers, mismatched cites, stray italics, inconsistent punctuation.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishChapters 11 & 12 · Recap

The chapters in one slide.

  • Discipline picks the style, APA, IEEE, or MLA
  • APA is author–date; vary parenthetical and narrative
  • IEEE numbers sources by first appearance and reuses them
  • APA→IEEE: initials move first, year moves last, add a number
  • MLA is author–page with a Works Cited list
  • Consistency is the whole game
In the workbook

Chapters 11 to 12, pages 49 to 55, including every source-type template, the trickier APA entries, the “same source, both styles” page, and the MLA comparison (§11.4).

Punctuation is trust.

Chapters 11 & 12 · Next, paraphrasing & reporting verbs